Mineral Source
The chain begins by identifying ores and materials that contain rare-earth elements.
Extraction
Mineral processing concentrates rare-earth-bearing material for the next stages.
Separation
Physical and chemical processes isolate individual rare-earth oxides from mixed concentrates.
Transformation
Refined oxides can be converted into metals, alloys, and functional materials.
End Use
Rare earths enable permanent magnets, electronics, electric motors, wind turbines, and advanced technologies.